Role Of Women In The Indian Armed Forces History Essay

Job Of Women In The Indian Armed Forces History Essay In recorded mankind's history ladies warriors have been a piece of every single battle, performing assortment of errands, for example, ammo bearers, getting a weapon of a fallen officer, washing, patching and cooking. World war II, Vietnam war and innovative transformations influenced admission of male selects in Europe, Asian militaries and USA that prompted enlistment of ladies officers to fill the opening. The USA has the most elevated portrayal of about 14 percent ladies troopers today, huge numbers of whom partook in the Gulf wars. Other European militaries additionally have a solid number of ladies fighters in the military. China has likewise incorporated ladies into the military in the course of the most recent 50 years. The pioneers of the mix of the ladies in South Asia, both in officials and positions was the Sri Lankan military in year 1984 , followed by India in officials rank in 1991 and Nepal in 2003. Indias choice to enlist ladies officials depended on populist thought than military necessities. Pakistan, Bangladesh and Bhutan utilize ladies fundamentally in clinical role.â [1]â The ongoing SC administering and HC judgment to permit lasting commissionâ [2]â to ladies has made all the three administrations to think with respect to the future job of ladies in Indian Armed Forces. The enlistment of ladies in Indian Army began with the Grant of Short Service Commission (SSC) for a long time in the year 1991. At that point as far as possible for them to serve in the military as been expanded throughout the years and is directly at 14 years. By and by ladies officials are getting authorized into the administrations ie ASC, AOC, EME and battle bolster arms of Engrs, Signals and AAD, notwithstanding the Medical Corps. As per the decision of the summit court the Indian Army has consented to concede changeless commission to ladies officials in JAG branch, Army Education Corps and Medical Corps of the Army. In any case, various case has been petitioned for award of lasting commission into battling arms like infantry and brush bolster arm, for example, Engineers, Arti llery, AAD and so on. Notwithstanding, before any choice is taken we have to do a comprehensive vew of the combination of ladies into the Army with two significant directing elements. 3. The discussion to incorporate ladies into in more non-conventional jobs in the military have been seething since ages. Both possibly in support of this theme have iron clad reasons. [3] On one hand a few people accept that the expanded intensity of military innovation and Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) have prompted the acknowledgment that genuine encounter between significant forces to be stayed away from, anyway any future clashes would be under the umbrella of innovation. This would include a tech savy power and subsequently bigger work for ladies. Additionally the job of ladies in our general public has changed after some time. Likewise ladies have served in military since antiquated occasions and the tune for their coordination have just become stronger. In Indian history likewise various instances of ladies fighters and officials exists. Rani of Jhansi Brigade of Indian National Army (INA) was shaped on 9 Sep 1943 in Singapore under Capt Lakshmi Swaminathan Sehgal who was a specialist by calling. This power worked in the wildernesses of Malay and was exceptionally compelling. Additionally the Nursing Corps of the Indian Army was brought up in walk 1889 and by 1939-40 their quality developed to 6000 prepared attendants. These medical attendants had served British and Indian soldiers in India, Aden, Mesopotamia and Egypt during World War I and during World War II they served outstandingly well in various battlefields in Middle East, Europe, Africa and the Far East. History is packed with accounts of ladies in battle. [4] Not just in the western world, yet additionally in the eastern, a few instances of the fight are there where ladies have effectively taken part. Indian sub-mainland additionally has an age long of history of fights took an interest by ladies. Albeit military calling is considered as the male-commanded occupation, ladies have additionally assumed such a differing job, that chance of their association in any military obligati ons can not be ignored. 4. Society has generally seen ladies as strange both in associations liable for the execution of military power and in applying deadly power as people. The utilization of deadly power is so unequivocally connected with the thoughts of manliness that the capacity to utilize it is one of the characterizing attributes of humanity. War is customarily seen as a manly undertaking in this man commanded society. Military assistance has for some time been a manly soul changing experience. Men have customarily tried to optimistically battle for harmony, home and family. They need to ensure ladies and not to rival them. The warriors world has generally been a manly safe house. Their increase into a prevalently sexual orientation isolated foundation like military has been secured by both law and social custom in the majority of the nations. 5. The human accomplishments in the field of science and innovation has changed the human way of life as well as assisted with changing the world request. Military exercises including the associations, jobs, obligations and dangers have additionally been changed with the progressions that have occurred in different parts of life. There are heaps of jobs that can be played similarly or significantly more effectively by ladies in the military in correlation with the men. [5] This study will attempt to discover the most reasonable jobs for the ladies in the military and propose whether the ladies could be utilized as soldiers in the military or not. 6. With the enlistment of ladies the Services are currently coming in accordance with the standard, where social change for the female sexual orientation started with the opportunity development. However, simultaneously, it can't be overlooked that since the Armed Forces are incredibly high-profiled, an emotional change like this would in reality channel down to the normal masses of India. There couldn't be a more positive analysis than this, for it has proficient points of interest for some ladies as well as sociological advantages for them and the country all in all. Obviously like anything new it would have early stage struggles. In any case, a develop vote based system like India and its kin realize that given time any analysis can be shaped to the upside of everybody. Explanation of Problem 7. To examine and break down the job of ladies in Infantry and impact on confidence and operation adequacy of bleeding edge units. Avocation of the Study 8. The job of ladies in the military for quite a while, was constrained to the clinical calling for example specialists and medical attendants. In 1992, the entryways were opened up for ladies section as normal officials in avionics, coordinations, law, building and official units. A great many energetic young ladies applied against ads and it was a defining moment throughout the entire existence of time. These ladies picked another field where they needed to meticulously clear a way for the others to follow. The underlying change issues werent as much for the ladies as it was for the men. Enveloped by their custom of valor and regard to ladies, most noble men officials couldn't treat their female partners at standard with themselves. [6] Their subordinates as well, were men who originated from moderate families where they saw ladies assuming just conventional jobs. The development of these ladies into absolutely male overwhelmed bastions did at first make humiliating minutes for both. Men quieted their discussions and carried on politely, while ladies had to do with improvised courses of action to suit their necessities inside units. Throughout the years and having made some amazing progress now, men have understood that these ladies in uniform are their productive and capable associates. The time isn't far when we may utilize the term sisters-in-arms as comparable to faithful comrades. 9. As of now, ladies in the non-clinical unit, fill in as Short Service Commissioned (SSC) officials. Under this kind of commission, they can serve in the military for a period extending from 5-14 years. On discharge they can seek after a profession in the common part. Presently ladies have fire clamoring for opening up of the lasting commission in the military and furthermore to be a piece of Infantry units to guarantee correspondence of chance. Work of ladies in battle has become a hot issue at present. Two unique ways of thinking do exist among the researchers. The principal guarantee that ladies are similarly fit for men to play out the activity and its the matter of balance likewise, though the supporters of last thought guarantee that it is the misuse of ladies to utilize in battle since they are not truly and mentally fit to play out the activity. This discussion should be completed in detail. 10. There are various instances of ladies partaking in fights previously. To be sure, all through mankind's history, most social orders have shielded ladies from battling with the cutting edge troops. Those ladies who battled were frequently constrained by conditions or were given an opportunity just when men were hard to come by. Fundamentally, most social orders have confined ladies from serving in the military as they have limited them from other male-commanded occupations.â [7]â 11. This examination is incited by a trooper researchers long standing enthusiasm for the subject activated by extraordinary collaboration with some enthusiastic women's activists of the National Cadet Corps during his school years. The point of this examination is to break down the issues associated with the Indian setting on the enlistment of ladies as close to home beneath officials rank in the Army, blanking out the impedance of commotion and residue raised by over energetic social researchers, ivory tower researchers and activist women's activists, to draw out the center issues included. Degree 12. In this investigation a short verifiable point of view of ladies in battle jobs will be talked about followed by jobs performed by the ladies in the military. Womens inclusion in rebellion and the prerequisite and work of ladies in battle will be the significant part of the examination.

Vanraj Mini Tractors Essay Example

Vanraj Mini Tractors Essay The rivals in this portion are Chinese made tractors and privately gathered tractors; anyway those are no counterpart for Vandal regardless of whether those are less expensive as Vandal is outfitted towards unfriendly Indian conditions. The tractors in different sections have higher strength in any event twice as exorbitant as Vandal and half as eco-friendly. Vandal can likewise be utilized for other cultivating purposes like showering pesticides, POT, Intercultural activity and so forth. Furthermore, other non cultivating purposes Like transportation too. Normal landholding in India being 1. 7 hectares and with 82% of ranchers having a place o this class this portions looked very rewarding for an item like Vandal. Issue Definition The producers were In situation whether to target Just the little and negligible rancher section of the tractor advertise. Investigation Summary Advantages for a rancher for purchasing a little tractor-Initial buying cost half of that of a major tractor, f uel utilization cost split too. Superior to bullocks In cost and upkeep terms. Tractors are financed up to 90% through banks and at modest rates in any event, for minor rancher. Government gives endowment of ASK for small scale tractor advertise section. Its littler wheel base and turning sweep offers better immunity, available to all sides of the land. It can likewise De us mechanically EAI Tort non-Tarring purposes Walt I Title or no attacks Against purchasing a little tractor-Tractors are utilized for horticultural purposes as well as for provincial transportation and pulling of farming produce to showcase. They additionally have a social noteworthiness in country India-they are an image of intensity and manliness. Custom work like leasing for creating some additional money should be possible just with bigger tractors. Market Outlook The little and minor rancher showcase section has little rivalry with an enormous potential interest. Market can be made given that credit accessibility isn't an issue - banks are prepared to fund up to 90% of the tractor cost to a rancher with as less as 3 sections of land of land. Government additionally has ideal arrangeme nt for this part ASK of sponsorship is given from Government side to rancher per tractor. Another part that can be taken a gander at is horticulturalist showcase. Our Recommendation We prescribe framing one showcasing system to target little and negligible rancher section and another promoting methodology for the other market fragments. We will compose a custom paper test on Vanraj Mini Tractors explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Vanraj Mini Tractors explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Vanraj Mini Tractors explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Little and minimal rancher showcase portion is value touchy market fragment we need to advertise Vandal as financially savvy item. We recommend propelling Vandal in one topographical zone and subsequent to getting the input growing the activity in other land zones in staged way. Backing for our Recommendation Small and minor ranchers have unexpected prerequisites in comparison to the bigger rancher, they eve little landholding than the bigger ones and keeping a major tractor is out of inquiry for them. The little and peripheral rancher fragment is cost touchy market and thus managing Walt tins advertise portion we nave to KICK Tort long haul occasions Instead AT close to term benefits-equal the initial investment can happen just in twelfth year, allude the earn back the original investment estimation underneath. We are entering another market portion and we dont have built up dissemination channel-we have to dispatch the item in one land region first and in the wake of getting the criticism from that client bunch dependent on this input we need to enhance item, estimating, dispersion and advertising and so forth and afterward dispatch in other geological territories in staged way.

Amy Tan Summary Essay - Free Essay Example

AlhaddadA Essay Submitted by  AL HADDAD, AHMED MOHAMED (AL HADDAD)  on  9/10/2010 6:14:16 PM Amy Tan is a daughter of a Chinese emigrant, who had a dream of going to America, to escape poverty and provide a better quality of life and education for her daughter. This dream is accomplished, providing her daughter with the right tools to become a successful writer, and she then goes and discusses her relation with her roots and heritage, through the language she is speaking now, English. She mentions her passion for language and how it is the tool of her trade. She is basically sharing with us her views and opinions, about language, and how it affected or limited her possibilities in life. Moreover, I believe the story is very deep and conceives an important message. Its not just about the language itself, but also defines relationships with parents, the cultural background and heritage. It views life through an international individuals perspective, and is about leaving your home country and living abroad. It is about fighting for your future, demanding a better quality of life, survival of the fittest. It is also about the generation gap, how our opinions and language differs, about being ashamed, at some point, of your parents, because they portray a negative image which could affect your reputation, indirectly. In the end, it is about coming home, in a way, after a long absence, and being proud again of what you are and what your heritage is. Initially, Amy Tan experiences a feeling of shame because her friends, sometimes, could not understand what her mother was saying. Furthermore, she is also upset because they said her English is â€Å"broken†, â€Å"as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed†. She also stated that this limited her perception of her mother and that â€Å"her English reflected the quality of what she had to say†. Because, to express something in a wrong or imperfect way, you must be imperfect or limited in your thoughts. Amy Tan, unfortunately, did not perform well on her achievement tests, simply because her mother taught her to think in a different manner than other students. She was lead to believe, due to the strong influence from her teachers, that Asian students would be much better into engineering, accounting or anything else than an English. However, she eventually discovers the benefits of her mothers teachings and advice. Fortunately, she happens to be rebellious in nature and enjoys the challenge of disproving assumptions, she decides to major in English and write fiction. To conclude, Amy ultimately realized how important and meaningful her mothers broken English and started to appreciate her mother and respect her culture and heritage. In the final paragraph she explains her motives for writing about her mother â€Å"I wanted to capture what language ability tests can never reveal: her intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech, and the nature of her thoughts†. I perceive that our culture plays a big part in our lives and helps us to better understand ourselves, even though causing complications at times, it fundamentally leads to alternative opportunities. Grade: B 1. This is a generally well-organized summary essay. 2. For a summary essay, you are supposed to provide information found in the article, without adding additional ideas and making personal comments. 3. Reference should be put after your quotation, including author’s name, year of publication and page number.

Preposition Fr Explanation and Examples

How would you translate the following sentences into German? This is for you.He decided not to do it for safety reasons. Fà ¼r often translates into for but for does not always translate into fà ¼r.If you literally translated the above sentences as 1. Das ist fà ¼r dich. 2. Fà ¼r Sicherheitsgrà ¼nden hat er sich entschieden es nicht zu tun, then only the first sentence is correct. Though the second sentence is perfectly understandable, it should be written instead as follows: Aus Sicherheitsgrà ¼nden, hat er sich entschieden es nicht zu tun.Why? Simply put, fà ¼r often translates into for but that isnt always so vice versa. Once again, another caveat to not translate word for word.The main meaning of fà ¼r, as when stating to whom or something is intended for, stems from the old High German word furi. This meant in front - a present for someone would be placed in front of them. Other Meanings of Fr Here are several examples of the main uses and meaning of  fà ¼r: Stating to whom or what something is intended for: Diese Kekse sind fà ¼r dich. (These cookies are for you.)When stating for a quantity: Sie hat diese Handtasche fà ¼r nur zehn Euro gekauft. (She bought that purse for only ten euros).When indicating a time span or specific point in time: ich muss fà ¼r drei Tage nach Bonn reisen. (I must go for three days to Bonn.) Some expressions with fà ¼r are likewise directly translated into expressions with for: Fà ¼r immer - for alwaysFà ¼r nichts/umsonst - for nothingFà ¼r nà ¤chstes Mal- for next timeIch, fà ¼r meine Person - as for meDas Fà ¼r und Wider - for and against Take note: Fà ¼r is an accusative preposition, so it is therefore always followed by the accusative. For in German Heres the tricky part. Depending on the nuances of for in a sentence, in German it can also be translated as follows: Aus/wegen/zu: when describing the reason why; its purposeAus irgendeinen Grund, wollte der Junge nicht mehr mitspielen - For some reason, the boy did not want to play with them anymore.Viele Tiere sterben wegen der Umweltverschmutzung - Many animals die because of pollution.Dieses Fahrrad steht nicht mehr zum Verkauf – This bicycle is not for sale anymore.Nach/zu: towards a physical destinationThis train is leaving for London – Dieser Zug fà ¤hrt nach London.Seit: When describing the duration of time since something has occurred.Ich habe ihn schon seit langem nicht gesehen. I havent seen him for a long time! Above are just some of the more popular prepositions that for can be translated into. Also, keep in mind that these translations arent necessarily reversible, meaning just because sometimes for can mean nach, that doesnt mean that nach will always mean for. When it comes to prepositions, it is always best to first learn which grammatical case it goes with and then to learn popular combos (i.e verbs, expressions) these prepositions occur frequently with.

Virginia Woolf Essay - 1003 Words

Virginia Woolf http://www.*.com/Reports/Whos Afraid Of Virginia Woolf? Edward Albee In Albees play, he reveals the shallowness and meaninglessness of contemporary society, and exposes the falsity of The American Dream. In doing this he refers to many different facets of society such as alcohol, social conventions, measures of success and corruption on a number of levels. Violence manifested in both language and action, reflect the frustration of the characters in not being able to live up to societys expectations. The America Dream is a life lived to, or close to, perfection. In brief, this perfect life is achieved by having a good education, go into a well paying career of which you enjoy, raising a family with the 2.5†¦show more content†¦This reality is full of illusion, falseness, and deceit. In his play, Albee takes western society as a whole and places it under one household. He shows what western society is through his characters. He shows The American Dream in its true form and not as it has been put out to be. In just one night, factors of western society are conveyed - violence, alcohol, lies, deceit, conflict, - along with those who participate. Through his characters, Albee was able to reveal the different types of people who make up society today. Each character represents the different approaches people have taken towards reality and life. Those who are still young and have not really experienced life and are therefore kind of clueless is represented by Honey while those who have had a good education, has a bright looking future ahead of them, and looks to become very successful, those who have been named yuppies are represented by Nick. He is the wave of the future. In a sense, The American Dream is actually represented by Marthas farther who does not actually appear in the play but is frequently brought up into conversation by George and Martha. The American Dream is something everyone wants and to get to it they must follow a blueprint. This blueprint is Marthas father. He is someone who is looked up to by others and these others try to replicate him. His steps should be followed directly and if so, there you have The American Dream. But followers arent alwaysShow MoreRelated Virginia Woolf1120 Words   |  5 PagesVirginia Woolf In recent times there has been a renewed interest in Virginia Woolf and her work, from the Broadway play, â€Å"Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?† to the Academy award nominated film â€Å"The Hours† starring Nicole Kidman. This recent exposure, along with the fact that I have ancestors from England , has sparked my interest in this twentieth century British novelist. During the early part of the twentieth century, artists and writers saw the world in a new way. Famed British novelist VirginiaRead More Virginia Woolf Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pages Virginia Woolf Virginia Woolf was a very powerful and imaginative writer. In a quot;Room of Ones Ownquot; she takes her motivational views about women and fiction and weaves them into a story. Her story is set in a imaginary place where here audience can feel comfortable and open their minds to what she is saying. In this imaginary setting with imaginary people Woolf can live out and see the problems women faced in writing. Woolf also goes farther by breaking many of the rules of writing inRead MoreThe And The Lighthouse By Virginia Woolf2070 Words   |  9 Pagesrevolution. That which was â€Å"true† or â€Å"real† was no longer straight-forward; the role of the perception of reality pioneered a wave of artistic endeavors in response to this rising uncertainty. In literature, rules of writing were actively defied, as Virginia Woolf did in To the Lighthouse. The novel is written as a stream-of-consciousness, switching amongst inner dialogues of the characters as narration, leaving th e reader desperately grasping at straws in order to draw out a plot without a clear senseRead MoreThe Life of Virginia Woolf Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe Life of Virginia Woolf Driven by uncontrollable circumctances and internal conflict, her life was cut short by suicide. One of the greatest female authors of all times, Virginia woolf, produced a body of writtings respected world wide. Her role in feminsim, along with the personal relationships in her life, influanced her literary. Virginias relationships throughout her life contributed not only to her literature, but the quality of her life as well. Perhaps the greatest influence in VirginiasRead MoreEssay about Virginia Woolf1250 Words   |  5 PagesBrush Virginia Woolf is not unlike any other truly good artist: her writing is vague, her expression can be inhibited, and much of her work is up to interpretation from the spectator. Jacob’s Room is one of her novels that can be hard to digest, but this is where the beauty of the story can be found. It is not written in the blatant style of the authors before her chose and even writers today mimic, but rather Jacob’s Room appears more like a written painting than a book. It is as if Woolf appearedRead MoreTo The Lighthouse, by Virginia Woolf Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesof To The Lighthouse between Mr Ramsay and Mrs Ramsay displays the gender division that flows throughout this passage highlighting Woolf’s own perspective on society and sexuality between genders. Woolf supports the belief in a complete change to society resulting in a non – hierarchical society. Woolf felt for this to happen aside from the practical changes, that a radical redefinition of s exuality was also needed. The novel focuses on sexual issues of the twentieth century central to feminist campaignsRead More To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf Essay2176 Words   |  9 PagesTo the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf When speaking of modernism in the work Virginia Woolf, scholars too readily use her innovations in style and technique as the starting point for critical analysis, focusing largely on the ways in which her prose represents a departure from the conventional novel in both style and content. To simply discuss the extent of her unique style, however, is to overlook the role of tradition in her creation of a new literary identity. In To the Lighthouse, WoolfsRead MoreMrs. Dalloway By Virginia Woolf1322 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf, it is evident that the main character, Clarissa Dalloway, double persona is Septimus Smith. While Clarissa proves to be more rational, Septimus is irrational. Clarissa shows optimism with her life and finding her true identity while Septimus is someone who experiencing insanity and madness. Although she never meets him and their lives are vastly different, the two characters actually mirror each other. Clarissa and Septim us share many characteristicsRead MoreAnalysis Of To The Lighthouse By Virginia Woolf1805 Words   |  8 Pages Though set in early 1910s Britain, the passage from Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse in which Lily Briscoe first doubts her painting skills and her lifestyle is reminiscent of the doubts that many young adults face in modern America. Woolf’s writing style exemplifies this struggle within Lily with its repetition of declarative sentence beginnings and specific usage of language to note the way Lily would likely have been seen in early 20th century Western society. Regardless of this early 20thRead MoreMrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf 1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe psychological effect the city environment has on both, the characters and authors, can be seen in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway and T.S.Elliot’s the wasteland. The lack of unity of Elliot’s text has lead critics to feel the writing is far too fragmented: My nerves are bad to-night. Yes, bad. Stay with me. Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak. What are you thinking of? What thinking? What. I never know what you are thinking. Think. (TWL: 110) However, as Gareth Reeves suggests in the

Sustainable Business Model Westpac Banking Corporation

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Business Model for Westpac Banking Corporation. Answer: Introduction The concept of sustainability implies for businesses to adopt responsible business practices for ensuring protection of the environment, community and society. The implementation and adoption of a sustainable business model in organisations is essential for their long-term growth and success. This helps in maximising shareholder value and thus increasing the profitability of an organisation. Organisations adopting sustainable business model need to comply with all the governmental regulations for safeguarding the interest of all its stakeholders (Stubbs Cocklin, 2008). In this context, the present essay demonstrates the development of a sustainable business model by Westpac Banking Corporation through entering into collaborative partnerships with government regulations. Sustainable Business Model of Westpac Banking Corporation Westpac Banking Corporation is recognised as one of the leading public bank of Australia, headquartered in Sydney. The company mainly provides banking and financial services to corporate, institutional and government customers internationally (Westpac: Annual Report, 2008). It is regarded as the most sustainable company by a Toronta-based media company known as Corporate Knights. The company has developed a sustainable business model through abiding by all the governmental regulations of the countries in which it operates its business activities. Westpac is truly dedicated and committed to comply with all the necessary economic and trade regulations worldwide for meeting the expectations of the communities at large. The company is well-aware of the fact that working in collaborative partnerships with government regulations is necessary to enhance its brand reputation. The board of directions of the company have ensured that all its employees must be accountable by complying with all the sanction requirements (Westpac: Annual Report, 2008). Westpac has also established a workplace policy that provides guidance to the employees to follow with all the legal laws in all jurisdictions and the consequences of not obeying with the policy. The company is supervised and monitored by mainly five governmental agencies in Australia. These include Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA), Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), Australian Securities an Investments Commission (ASIC), Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and Australian Competition and Consumer Commissions (ACCC) (Westpac Groups Principles for Doing Business, 2014). APRA mainly reviews and controls the capital adequacy and liquidity position of the company. APRA also determines the statutory and regulatory banking requirements to be met by Westpac for protecting the interests of consumers. RBA holds the responsibility of developing monetary policy, managing Australian foreign reserves and issuing its currency notes (Westpac Group: US Resolution Plan, 2013). ASIC is mainly responsible for enforcing necessary laws and regulations for protecting the interest of the investors and creditors. The implementation of the financial laws for maintaining honesty and fairness in the business operations of Westpac is undertaken by ASIC. ASIC enforces regulations in relation to general insurance, life insurance, retirement savings and securities on banking industry in Australia. ASX regulates the countrys market for securities and Westpac is listed on ASX and thus have to abide by its contractual obligations. ACCC promotes the necessary laws and regulations relating to the prohibition of anti-competitive and unfair market practices in the country. The government of the country has currently adopted a policy known as four pillar policy according to which the four major banks in Australia holds the responsibility of maintaining proper competition level in the banking industry. Westpac, a leading four pillar bank in Australia, has to comply with the ACCC regula tions and thus have to adopt business practices that does not eliminate or reduce competition level (Westpac: Annual Report, 2008). Westpac operates its business activities on an international level and thus also works in collaborative partnership with other countries government regulations to achieve sustainability. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) has implemented the regulations on foreign banks to carry out their business in the country either through a branch or subsidiary of its parent company (Westpac: Annual Report, 2008). Westpac complies successfully with these statutory requirements and operates its business activities in New Zealand through dual registration. The company has established its subsidiary Westpac New Zealand and also have its NZ Branch for offerings its financial and banking services to its New Zealand (NZ) consumers. The company conducted its business operations in the country through its NZ branch till the year 2006 but opened its subsidiary thereafter in order to follow the policy of RBNZ. The policy of dual registration was adopted by Westpac to carry out its banking services in the country without causing any disruption to the investors and customers. The development of a subsidiary has enabled the bank to carry out its banking operations in NZ efficiently and economically without having any impact on the continuity of its services (Westpac: Annual Report, 2008). The New York branch of Westpac is a federally licensed branch and is supervised and controlled by the International Banking Act (IBA) and the US Federal Reserve. The International Banking Act (IBA) states that foreign banks are not allowed to establish a branch or representative office in the US without the approval of the US Federal Reserve (Westpac Group: US Resolution Plan, 2013). Also, US Federal Reserve has maintained that the foreign bank branch should not have more than 5% voting stock in any of the US bank. US comptroller of the Currency has determined the capital equivalency deposit that should be maintained by a federal branch with US Federal Reserve. The federal branch of the company in the US complies with all these necessary laws and regulations of the countrys government. In addition to this, Westpac also complies with the USA Patriot Act according to which all the US branches of foreign banks must be reviewed by the US financial institutions for preventing the occurren ce of any money laundering activities. The review includes obtaining verification of the foreign bank branch and gaining appropriate information about its owner. The US branch of Westpac in this context has adopted and implemented an anti-money laundering program for identification and reporting of suspicious activities for protecting the interest of its customers in the country (Westpac Group: US Resolution Plan, 2013). Westpac complies with United Nations Security Council (UNSC) sanctions of all the jurisdictions in which it aims to operate its business activities. Sanctions are referred to as tools used by governments for controlling the occurrence of any adverse situation that may have negative on the economic growth and development of a country (Westpac Group Sanctions Policy, 2014). In this context, Westpac meets Australian sanctions requirements effectively and also the sanction regimes followed in other countries where it carries out its business activities. The company does not conduct any business activities that do not comply in accordance with the sanctions of Australia. The business procedures of the company are developed in accordance with the laws and regulations of sanctions regimes to carry out its business in collaborative partnerships with government (Westpac Group Annual Review and Sustainability Report 2012, 2012). The breach of sanctions is reported by Westpac to the concerned a uthority for overcoming its adverse effects in the future context. The company provides proper training to the employees so that they abide with all the sanctions regimes both at domestic and international level. The training helps in providing adequate information to the employees about the possible consequences of breaching any of the sanctions (Westpac Group Sanctions Policy, 2014). Westpac is recognised as the first bank to join the Green Challenge Plus of the Australian governments. The greenhouse challenge is a join program that is mainly carried out between Australian government and its industries. The main aim of the program is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases from Australian industry sector (Albrecht, 2002). Westpac signed an agreement with government that provided a framework for undertaking actions to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (Smith, 2014). Westpac is recognised worldwide as having implemented the best sustainable business model and it has achieved this position by complying with all the governmental rules and regulations. The development of a collaborative partnership with the government regulations has enabled the company to maintain transparency in all its business operations. The company develops voluntary disclosures for disclosing its corporate responsibilities towards environment, employees, customers, suppliers and the communities. Also, it develops a stakeholder impact report (SIR) providing a full assessment of the sustainability measures adopted by the company (Westpacs squashed tomato: a sustainability leader, 2010). The introduction of such strategic measures to adopt sustainable business practices has enabled Westpac to enhance its brand reputation on an international level. Thus, it can be said that complying with all the statutory and legal requirements related to sustainability has enabled the company t o gain support from the government authorities. This has facilitated Westpac to develop a sustainable business model responsible for its worldwide success (Benn et al., 2014). Conclusion The discussion held in the essay concluded that entering into collaborative partnerships with government regulations facilitates organisations to develop a sustainable business model. Westpac has demonstrated a perfect business example of achieving sustainability through complying with all the government regulations and thus seeking support for its business activities by the jurisdictions. The company has adopted transparency in all its business processes through abiding with the governmental regulations that enabled it to achieve sustainability. It appropriately follows all the sanction regimes at both domestic and international level through which has strengthened its brand image worldwide and proved to be beneficial in gaining mutual support from the government. References Albrecht, J. (2002). Instruments for Climate Policy: Limited Versus Unlimited Flexibility. Edward Elgar Publishing. Benn, S. et al. (2014). Organizational Change for Corporate Sustainability. Routledge. Smith, J. (2014). The World's Most Sustainable Companies of 2014. [Online]. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacquelynsmith/2014/01/22/the-worlds-most-sustainable-companies-of-2014/#7cefb6834d97 [Accessed on: 27 August 2016]. Stubbs, W. Cocklin, C. (2008). Conceptualizing a Sustainability Business Model. Organization Environment 21 (2), 103-127. Westpac Group Annual Review And Sustainability Report 2012. (2012). [Online]. Available at: https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/ic/2012_Annual_Review_and_Sustainability_Report.pdf [Accessed on: 27 August 2016]. Westpac Group Sanctions Policy. (2014). [Online]. Available at: https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/Westpac_Group_Sanctions_Policy.pdf [Accessed on: 27 August 2016]. Westpac Group: US Resolution Plan. (2013). [Online]. Available at: https://www.federalreserve.gov/bankinforeg/resolution-plans/westpac-bking-3g-20131231.pdf [Accessed on: 27 August 2016]. Westpac Groups Principles for Doing Business. (2014). [Online]. Available at: https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/Principles_for_doing_business.pdf [Accessed on: 27 August 2016]. Westpac: Annual Report. (2008). [Online]. Available at: https://info.westpac.com.au/annualreport2008/default.aspx?PID=150 [Accessed on: 27 August 2016]. Westpacs squashed tomato: a sustainability leader. (2010). [Online]. Available at: https://www.cimaglobal.com/Thought-leadership/Newsletters/Insight-e-magazine/Insight-2010/Insight-May-2010/Westpacs-squashed-tomato-a-sustainability-revolution/ [Accessed on: 27 August 2016].

Johnson Was Born On Aug. 27, 1908, Near Johnson City, Tex., The Eldest

Johnson was born on Aug. 27, 1908, near Johnson City, Tex., the eldest son of Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr., and Rebekah Baines Johnson. His father, a struggling farmer and cattle speculator in the hill country of Texas, provided only an uncertain income for his family. Politically active, Sam Johnson served five terms in the Texas legislature. His mother had varied cultural interests and placed high value on education; she was fiercely ambitious for her children. Johnson attended public schools in Johnson City and received a B.S. degree from Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. He then taught for a year in Houston before going to Washington in 1931 as secretary to a Democratic Texas congressman, Richard M. Kleberg. During the next 4 years Johnson developed a wide network of political contacts in Washington, D.C. On Nov. 17, 1934, he married Claudia Alta Taylor, known as "Lady Bird." A warm, intelligent, ambitious woman, she was a great asset to Johnson's career. They had tw o daughters, Lynda Byrd, born in 1944, and Luci Baines, born in 1947. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered the White House. Johnson greatly admired the president, who named him, at age 27, to head the National Youth Administration in Texas. This job, which Johnson held from 1935 to 1937, entailed helping young people obtain employment and schooling. It confirmed Johnson's faith in the positive potential of government and won for him a group of supporters in Texas. In 1937, Johnson sought and won a Texas seat in Congress, where he championed public works, reclamation, and public power programs. When war came to Europe he backed Roosevelt's efforts to aid the Allies. During World War II he served a brief tour of active duty with the U.S. Navy in the Pacific (1941-42) but returned to Capitol Hill when Roosevelt recalled members of Congress from active duty. Johnson continued to support Roosevelt's military and foreign-policy programs. During the 1940s, Johnson and his wife developed profitable business ventures, including a radio station, in Texas. In 1948 he ran for the U.S. Senate, winning the Democratic party primary by only 87 votes. (This was his second try; in 1941 he had run for the Senate and lost to a conservative opponent.) The opposition accused him of fraud and tagged him "Landslide Lyndon." Although challenged, unsuccessfully, in the courts, he took office in 1949. Senator and Vice-President Johnson moved quickly into the Senate hierarchy. In 1953 he won the job of Senate Democratic leader. The next year he was easily re-elected as senator and returned to Washington as majority leader, a post he held for the next 6 years despite a serious heart attack in 1955. The Texan proved to be a shrewd, skillful Senate leader. A consistent opponent of civil rights legislation until 1957, he developed excellent personal relationships with powerful conservative Southerners. A hard worker, he impressed colleagues with his attention to the details of legislation and his willingness to compromise. In the late 1950s, Johnson began to think seriously of running for the presidency in 1960. His record had been fairly conservative, however. Many Democratic liberals resented his friendly association with the Republican president, Dwight D. Eisenhower; others considered him a tool of wealthy Southwestern gas and oil interests. Either to soften this image as a conservative or in response to inner conviction, Johnson moved slightly to the left on some domestic issues, especially on civil rights laws, which he supported in 1957 and 1960. Although these laws proved ineffective, Johnson had demonstrated that he was a very resourceful Senate leader. To many northern Democrats, however, Johnson remained a sectional candidate. The presidential nomination of 1960 went to Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. Kennedy, a northern Roman Catholic, then selected Johnson as his running mate to balance the Democratic ticket. In November 1960 the Democrats defeated the Republican candidates, Richard M. Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, by a narrow margin. Johnson was appointed by Kennedy to head the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities, a post that enabled him to work on behalf of blacks and other minorities. As vice-president, he also undertook some missions abroad, which offered him some limited insights into international problems. Presidency The assassination of President Kennedy on November 22,

Take this quiz to find out what your most dominant work trait

Take this quiz to find out what your most dominant work trait You have several traits that are excellent for work; such as being hardworking, dedicated, loyal†¦ The list goes on and on. But have you ever wondered what your most dominate trait in work is? It’s so hard to just pick one that’s why this quiz is perfect for helping you decide.  Source [Playbuzz]

Social violence; racial tensions within Los Angeles county jails Essay

Social violence; racial tensions within Los Angeles county jails - Essay Example There was report of fighting in Pitchess Detention Center on the Northern fringes of LA where a group of Latino inmates started throwing furniture on a group of African American inmates leaving one dead. This violence led to string of more clashes between Latinos and African American in other jails as well. Observers believe that jail violence is much more than just jail violence. It depicts a great chasm between Latino and African American communities in the new setup. A recent study in 2000 found that state lawmakers have passed more than 400 tough crimes laws since 1992, but sheriff's budget increased only 1 to 2 percent. Further pressure has been the recent budget cuts of $166 million due to which most of non-violent inmates were released after serving 30 percent of time. Leaving only the most violent people behind the walls. Even though the county taxpayers paid higher amount of tax this year compared to previous two years, things have hardly improved. In LA county jail; state parole violators occupy at least 3000 beds along with new convicted felons that makes it un-necessarily crowded jail. There has been a series of jail clashes mainly between African Americans and Latino inmates. One recent riot involved about 2000 inmates with 100 injured and one dead. The jail authorities need more lock up for higher risk inmates; however it is not possible due to cut in budgets; as a result gang members and violent criminals freely move among the non-violent offenders which often give rise to violence. Even though there are some twin tower modern correctional facilities that are county high security lockup; but women and mentally ill patients occupy them. The jails are also short of manpower. Some county jails have one guard for every 50 inmates. Even in the best county jail the ratio is 1 to 10. After the recent spat of violence the county sheriff wanted to hire 1100 deputies to counter the violence, but hiring fast is also a problem. In another incident two inmates were found dead who were injured during a violence rage in county jail. The reason vary but one clear reason for such escalation in incidents has been tougher sentencing laws, such as California three strikes guidance, that have led to increasing number of high risk prisoners staying longer with minor offenders. However, it is not mere jail where the tensions and violence are so visible, schools are also caught up in similar problem. For the past few decades public schools were predominately populated by African Americans, but the Latino shift in population is changing the tide increasing tension between these two communities. One example was the 2005 widespread fighting between Latinos and Africans Americans that led to deployment of police officers around LA county school. Ironically in 1960s there was a strong alliance between Black Panther Party and the LA Raza Unida Party, where dozens of African Americans and Latino activist joined hands together to fight against discrimination. That honeymoon period seems to be on decline due to massive Latino immigration and higher birth rates that is changing the balance for African Americans. It is plain but painful truth that relation between African Americans are entangled in cultural and racial misconceptions and misunderstanding. The rise of hatred and social violence is far off cry from the early days of civil rights where African Americans

The influence of Roman law on the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The influence of Roman law on the US - Essay Example highest level of diversity such as Louisiana and Ceylon, Quebec and Japan, Ethiopia and South Africa, Turkey and Chile, is based firmly on Roman law. In England and the countries of Anglo-American law in general, even though it does not form the main base, but its influence is quite significant (Hamilton Bryson, 1984). Moreover, Roman law has influenced the development of law in most of Western civilization including USA by dealing with matters of succession (or inheritance), obligations (including contracts), property (including slaves), and persons. Most of the Roman laws have evolved by the rulings of the patrician families, and rulings of magistrates. Later emperors bypassed these forms and issued their own decrees (Jo Ann Shelton, 1988). The interpretations of jurists also came to have the weight of law. Though various attempts were made to gather and simplify existing laws by far the most successful effort was that of Justinian I, whose code superseded all previous laws and formed the Roman Empires legal legacy. Roman legal procedure is the basis for modern procedure in civil-law countries like United States of America (Alan Watson, 1972). After the mid-6th cent., Roman law formed the base of a part of the Germanic laws and was in effect in the Byzantine Empire. Revival of classical studies paved the way for the partial resurrection of Roman law as the modern civil law in a large part of the world. Its effect was also felt in USA which mainly follows common law. For example, the jus gentium is the most widely represented in modern legal systems, for it is the basis of commercial law even in those countries including United States that follow common law. Interestingly, the definition of civil law in USA implies that it has its roots in Roman law. Civil law is defined as the law of ancient Rome as embodied in the Justinian code, especially that which applied to private citizens (John Brierly, 1985). As used within the American legal system, â€Å"civil law†

Research paper/interview Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

/interview - Research Paper Example It was discovered that detention only works to make the delinquents even worse. This is because it brings many delinquent offenders together, and they are able to share ideas and express their bitterness towards the society. Bearing in mind all the findings, the paper went ahead to recommend some alternatives to juvenile detention, such as one-on-one counselling and community service. The juvenile justice system refers to the correction mechanism used to handle offenders below the age of eighteen. In other words, it is the way the state deal with young criminals. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, young criminals were treated the same way as adult criminals. There were no special ways in which the criminal justice system dealt with young offenders. All criminals, whether young or adult were considered the same, and they were subjected to the same criminal justice system. There were no juvenile courts nor juvenile prisons. However, as time went by, the society realized that young offenders were special in a way. The reasons they ventured into crime were not the same reasons why adult criminals engaged in crime. The society, and the criminal justice system to be exact, started to find for ways through which the young offenders could be handled more efficiently and according to their special needs (Ramirez, Nd, p. 1). That is how the juvenile justice system came into being. However, one thing that did not change was the correction mechanisms. Up to date, delinquent criminals are still imprisoned, which is the major correction mechanism in the general criminal justice system. Unfortunately, detention (commonly referred to as imprisonment) has proved to do the young offenders, and the society at large, more harm than good (Leyritania, Nd, p. 1). Juvenile detention has proved to make young offenders worse. There are high chances that a detained juvenile will come out of the detention even more encouraged to commit crime. Detention therefore,

Benifits Of Technology Essay -- essays research papers

Man, powered by his imagination and inquisitive character, has wondered he mechanisms of Nature since time infinite. This quest for the truth, the ways in which his surrounding works, has led to many a scientific discoveries and innovations. Since the art of making fire and creating handcrafted tools, our civilization has come a long way. Science and Technology are making advances at an amazing rate. From telephones to the Internet, calculators to computers, cars to rockets and satellites, we are submerged in a sea of discoveries and inventions made possible by Science. Fields like Medicine and communications have made inroads into our cultures and thus our lifestyles. So vast is the impact of Science in our lives, that people fear the unthinkable. It leads them to accusations such as Science tries to play God. However, according to Hume, God is part of the order that exists in the universe. If so, then Science is just helping us discover the Almighty, which most people perceive as the Ultimate Truth. To quote Charles Pierce, ""There is one thing even more vital to science than intelligent methods; and that is, the sincere desire to find out the truth, whatever it may be." Repeatedly, it is also heard that we are so dependent on Science and Technology that we who create it are nothing but mere puppets. How can we be the slaves of this great resource? In fact, it would not be wrong to term Science as a friend of Humanity. This faithful friend has come through many a times. We have reaped innumerable benefits out of this friendship. In return, the sacrifices we had to make constituted just a small price in return. This price can be termed as a small token of appreciation for our friend, Science. According to an existential argument, existence precedes essence. If so, then human existence is absurd and unjustified. The goal of a human being then is to justify his existence. We humans tried to take charge of our own lives by choosing to justify its cause. According to Mahlotra, a person who is aware of the fact that by the freedom of choice we have, we are responsible for our actions and performs those actions acknowledging freedom of others too, is the one who shall find meaning in his life. Satre points out for us that a man is nothing else than a series of undertakings, that he is a sum, the organization, the ensemble of the relationsh... ... thus shrink of a thought of war on an enemy. In my opinion, Technology and Science like most things have both the good and the bad side to it. There are definitely certain ethical and legal issues associated with it. However, looking more closely at our world, we find ethics in most of the disciplines including Religion. People can take advantage of any field if they wish to, but our social and political ties prevent most of us from acting in manners considered as taboos. Some people who yet work in ways to disrupt the social structure are often times rejected. Further there are laws in place to guarantee that no one’s right to freedom of choice is infringed upon. Douglas Shrader tries to explain through the Utilitarianism Principle that if an act produces more good than harms for a society, it can be reasoned out as a right thing to do for the society as a whole. Similarly, if we take a balance and weigh the benefits and costs of Science and Technology, we would find that the case is not even close. The benefits far outweigh any costs connected with Technology and Science. In fact, it seems almost impossible now to imagine a world living without its Science and Technology.

Research Trends in the Academy of Management Publications

Research trends in the Academy of Management publications In order to reach the organization’s goals, management acts its way by its techniques and topics that is essential for the success of the company. There are a lot of changes and improvements that can cause to the disappearance of the management topics and techniques that organizations use for its own benefit. I appreciate reading this article that somehow updates us on what is happening on management topics, why do these topics disappear, stays, and re-emerge, and what are the common techniques used by the management of each organizations.The first hypothesis about the management topics says that some are historic and that they emerged then died out over time. People nowadays are very trendy and they tend to imitate what are the topics most popular in their environment. These people study and use those topics that make them think can fit in into the society. Just like in business, management topics also undergo a cycle. At first they will grow slowly, and then they will burst till they reach their peak point where a lot of people patronize their services/products.Sooner or later, their business fades as the people who first patronize their products discover new ones that are trending and popular in the society. Because of this, they try to change and develop new products that would satisfy the wants and needs of the consumers leading to the disappearance of the first products they made. I can’t say that each management techniques are perfect, so if there are new ideas that are developed due to the experiences of each organizations and curiosity of mankind trying to improve and upgrade that specific technique, then that management technique disappears and being replaced by a new and better one.The second hypothesis tells that some management topics are classical and have become institutionalized over time. Even though people nowadays are conscious with the topics that are popular nowadays, t here are others who give importance to these topics. Some topics are so significant that organizations do not want to remove them for those topics leads their business to success. These management topics give them ideas on how they will operate their business to become stable in the industry. Most usinessmen now continue to use and development these management topics because they believe that this can help them in achieving their success. These are their tools to reach their organizational objectives and accomplishments. If these techniques continue to help organizations then these will never fade out and will continue to be institutionalized making these topics stay for a long period of time. The third hypothesis states that some management topics are resurgent in that they emerged, died out, and then re-emerged over time.There are a lot of techniques that could help these topics to become useful again. With comprehensive study and analysis, these topics will soon be popularized an d then used from generation to generation. This hypothesis challenges the researchers to do better study and brainstorming in order to have creative ideas on how they can develop these management topics. All things need improvement in order to fit in into society. Because, we humans, are not easily contented of what we have and can always find ways in creating other ideas better than the other.Some researching think they have created new ideas but had already emerged in the past but disappeared. Most companies make innovations on their products/services offered in the market in order to provide continuous satisfaction to the consumers. And so with this management topic, it needs further study and development to be continuously useful in the world of management. Management topics evolve like businesses do. They both undergo the same process cycle. At first is the birth of the keyword or topic then next is their growth until they reach their maturity where most of the people use it or the topic became popular.The cycle doesn’t end here but it continues to its post-maturity stage where its usefulness to the society declines. But with our generation nowadays, people are intellectual enough to explore new discoveries to satisfy the needs and wants of the society. And with this, it makes the management topic become more stable and continue to provide more knowledge to the researchers and readers. Having adequate knowledge about the history of these management topics we have right now makes each researchers and readers more interested on the topic.Some may show lack of interest but once they go deeper to the history about these management topics, they would find it really amazing on how this were useful to the industry and very effective on every organization. This study is very helpful to researchers that really want to know more about management because it is part of their study to keep track of the trends in the field of management. We can never reach our f uture if we do not know our history. Same goes with studying management, reaching the finish line of this field is impossible unless we learn and study its history.

CT261 Understand Mental Health problems - 1601 Words

CU261P/CT261 Understand Mental Health problems 1. 1.1 The main types of mental ill health according to the psychiatric (DSM/ICD) classification system are as follows; Adjustment Disorder- A significantly more difficult adjustment to a life situation than would normally be expected considering the circumstances. For example; Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety and Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and Conduct. Anxiety Disorder- Experience of abnormal or inappropriate anxiety without any recognizable stimulus or when the stimulus does not warrant such a reaction. For example; Agoraphobia and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Dissociative Disorder- A disruption in consciousness, memory, identity or perception, when one of†¦show more content†¦This was most seen in the first publication in 1952 where there was a diagnosis of Homosexuality as a Sociopathic Personality Disorder which wasn’t removed until the early 70s and what is now called Autistic Spectrum Disorder was originally thought to be a form of childhood Schizophrenia. In America the DSM was published to widespread controversy as it was believed that 67% of the DSM-5 taskforce had direct links to the Pharmaceutical Industry and substantial profits were being pocketed. 1.3 Two alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress are Biological/Medical and Behavioural. The first describes psychological problems as resulting from physical causes such as brain injuries and defects and hereditary factors like Down’s syndrome or Cerebral Palsy. The latter describes patterns of behaviour that may have been conditioned from an early developmental age which have arisen from external stressors and the individual’s personality. 1.4 Mental ill health may be indicated through an individual’s emotions, thinking and behaviour, this can present itself in many ways. For example; a person suffering from Bipolar may exhibit extremes of high and low mood coupled with frenetic and despondent behaviour respectively. They would likely have erratic thoughts and speak very fast in a disjointed manner. In periods of mania the